Study of bat flight behavior by combining thermal image analysis with a LiDAR forest reconstruction
نویسندگان
چکیده
The nature of forest structure plays an important role in the study of foraging behaviors of bats. In this study, we demonstrate a new combined methodology that uses both thermal imaging technology and a ground-based LiDAR system to record and reconstruct Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bats) flight trajectories in three-dimensional (3-D) space. The combination of the two 3-D datasets provided a fine-scale reconstruction of the flight characteristics adjacent to and within the forests. A 3-D forest reconstruction, assembled from nine Echidna Validation Instrument LiDAR scans over the 1 ha site area, provided the essential environmental variables for the study of bat foraging behaviors, such as the canopy height, terrain, location of the obstacles, and canopy openness at a bat roosting and maternity site in Petersham, Massachusetts. Flight trajectories of 24 bats were recorded over the 25 m 37.5 m region within the LiDAR forest reconstruction area. The trajectories were reconstructed using imaging data from multiple FLIR ThermoVision SC8000 cameras and were co-registered to the 3-D forest reconstruction. Twenty-four of these flight trajectories were categorized into four different behavior groups according to velocity and altitude analysis of the flight trajectories. Initial results showed that although all bats were guided by echolocation and avoided hitting a tree that was in all of their flight paths, different bats chose different flight routes. This study is an initial demonstration of the power of coupling thermal image analysis and LiDAR forest reconstructions. Our goal was to break ground for future ecological studies, where more extensive flight trajectories of bats can be coupled with the canopy reconstructions to better establish responses of bats to different habitat characteristics and clutter, which includes both static (trees) and dynamic (other bats) obstacles. Résumé. La nature de la structure forestière joue un rôle important dans l’étude des comportements d’approvisionnement en nourriture des chauves-souris. Dans cette étude, on démontre une nouvelle méthodologie combinée qui utilise à la fois la technologie des images thermiques et un système LIDAR au sol pour enregistrer et reconstruire les trajectoires de vol des Eptesicus fuscus (grandes chauves-souris brunes) dans l’espace tridimensionnel. La combinaison des deux ensembles de données 3D a fourni une reconstruction à échelle fine des caractéristiques de vol adjacents et à l’intérieur des forêts. Une reconstruction forestière en 3D, assemblée à partir de neuf balayages LIDAR du capteur « Echidna Validation Instrument » au-dessus du site d’étude de un hectare, a fourni les variables environnementales essentielles pour l’étude des comportements d‘approvisionnement en nourriture des chauves-souris comme la hauteur du couvert, le terrain, la localisation des obstacles et l’ouverture du couvert sur un site de nidification et de maternité de chauves-souris à Petersham, au Massachusetts. Les trajectoires de vol de 24 chauves-souris ont été enregistrées au-dessus de la région de 25 m 37,5 m à l’intérieur de la zone de reconstruction LIDAR de la forêt. Les trajectoires ont été reconstruites à l’aide des données images de caméras FLIR ThermoVision SC8000 multiples et superposées sur la reconstruction tridimensionnelle. Vingt-quatre de ces trajectoires de vol ont été classifiées en quatre groupes différents de comportements Received 9 January 2012. Accepted 21 July 2013. Published on the Web at http://pubs.casi.ca/journal/cjrs on 2 October 2013. Xiaoyuan Yang, Crystal Schaaf, and Zhuosen Wang. School for the Environment, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA, 02125. Alan Strahler. Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, 02215. Thomas Kunz and Nathan Fuller. Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, 02215. Margrit Betke, Zheng Wu, and Diane Theriault. Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, 02215. Darius Culvenor. Environmental Sensing Systems, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. David Jupp. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Glenn Newnham. CSIRO Land and Water, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia. Jenny Lovell. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia. Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). Can. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 39, No. S1, pp. S112 S125, 2013 S112 # 2013 CASI C an ad ia n Jo ur na l o f R em ot e Se ns in g D ow nl oa de d fr om p ub s. ca si .c a by M U G A R M E M O R IA L L IB R A R Y o n 01 /1 1/ 14 Fo r pe rs on al u se o nl y. selon une analyse de la vitesse et de l’altitude des trajectoires de vol. Les résultats initiaux ont montré que, bien que toutes les chauves-souris étaient guidées par écholocation et évitaient de frapper un arbre qui était dans toutes leurs trajectoires de vol, différentes chauves-souris choisissaient différentes trajectoires de vol. Cette étude constitue une démonstration initiale du potentiel du couplage de l’analyse d’images thermiques et des reconstructions forestières LIDAR. Notre objectif était de montrer la voie aux études écologiques futures, où des trajectoires de vol à plus grande échelle de chauvessouris peuvent être couplées avec les reconstructions du couvert pour mieux établir les réponses des chauves-souris face aux différentes caractéristiques des habitats et au fouillis d’échos, incluant à la fois les obstacles statiques (arbres) et dynamiques (autres chauves-souris). [Traduit par la Rédaction.]
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